Gurmukhi script

The Punjabi alphabet, known as Gurmukhi, consists of 35 core letters, organized into sound families to facilitate easier learning. Unlike the English alphabet, Gurmukhi is an abugida where each consonant has an inherent vowel, modified by additional vowel signs. Learning the letters by sound grouping rather than rote memorization helps reduce overwhelm. Though most learners can focus on spoken Punjabi first, early exposure to Gurmukhi is beneficial for specific goals, such as literacy or reading Gurbani. Modern Punjabi also includes six additional consonants for borrowed sounds, enhancing its richness.